Nursing Informatics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Informatics - Coursework Example ther, health informatics deals with resources methods and devices aimed at acquisition storage and retrieval of the vital information of the patient as they pertain to patient care. Nursing informatics, therefore, forms a basis for clinical care for the nurses. They form a critical avenue for information for making clinical and care judgments by the nurses and a basis for evaluation of the care the patient receives (Paans et al., 2010). Through the health informatics, the nurse can access the comprehensive information about the previous care the patient has received in other care institutions. This will facilitate fast and more detailed care. This widens the nursing knowledge and makes the existing knowledge better. The nurses get to add what they never had before in the practice and get adequate information in the ever-changing field of care (Hovenga, Garde, & Heard, 2005). Finally, as to promote the continuity of nursing care the information system forms a crucial link to inform others about the care given to a patient. On the other hand, medical informatics helps in the uptake of new informatics helping them to care better for the patients (Hovenga et al., 2 005). Informatics is also a method that new care methods move from one care center to another in a way that they promote evidence-based practice. For a person using electronic health records, they accrue some benefits associated with this type of information system. First, EHR reduces the time the patient waits to receive care because the health information of one person may is integrated with many care centers (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Therefore, the health care provider can access this information saving the patients time and maximum care. Besides, this type of health records prevents omissions and other documentation errors. The system has a design that prevents progression to the next level of information without completely filling the previous sections. This ensures that the patient receives

Healthy Grief Essay Example for Free

Healthy Grief Essay The loss of a family member and/or loved one can put someone on an emotional roller coaster. Whether it is an expected or unexpected loss, the emotional process of dealing with the grief could be the same. With an expected loss, loved ones are able to prepare themselves for what is to come. An unexpected loss could bring more emotions into the grieving process. This paper will discuss the grieving process by Kubler-Ross, the story of Job, and the way Muslims deal with death and dying. While some people focus on the sadness of losing a loved one, others try and find the positive in the any situation. To grieve the loss of a loved one, many would say that they feel a lot of different indescribable emotions. Shock, disbelief, emotional pain, anger, and sadness are all some emotions that people feel while grieving. Kubler-Ross developed a five step grieving process that one should experience and move through so they can move on to a happy life (Lecture 5 Notes). The process itself is: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Lecture 5 Notes). It is easy for a person to not believe that a loved one has passed on as begin the grieving process (Lecture 5 Notes). Once the denial has processed and the loss has become a reality, it is normal to get angry and ask ‘why did this happen?’ Bargaining with God is the next step in the grieving process. Trying to make a deal with God to try and bring back a loved one gives a person hope that their loved one will come back. Once reality has set in, depression is the next step (Lecture 5 Notes). This is when the feelings of hopelessness set in, making it difficult for a person to pass this stage (Lecture 5 Notes). The last stage of the grieving process is acceptance (Lecture 5 Notes). This is the stage that helps a person emotionally move on from grieving the loss of a loved one. Life goes becomes a new type of normal with the memory of the loved one instead of the having the loved one there (Lecture 5 Notes). In the book of Job, Satan challenges Job’s faith and love for God, with God’s permission (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). Satan does everything in his power to get Job to not only doubt God, but to curse him as well (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). Satan killed his ten children and destroyed his livestock and servants (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). Job focused more on God and praised him as he mourned loss of his children and wealth (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). Satan then tried one last time by filling Job’s body with sores (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). The doubt of his wife and the negativity of his colleagues never gave him a change of heart. Job remained faithful to God, never doubted Him (he doubted himself at times), and still praised Him (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). God eventually replenished Job’s wealth and blessed him with more children (Study Bible-NLT, 2008). Job grieved in a very healthy way. He did not blame others and he did not curse God. He tried to find the good in every ba d situation. One religion that differs from Christianity and western civilization’s way of grieving the loss of a loved one is the Islamic religion. With death and dying, Muslims believe that there is life after death (Ross, 2001). It is believed that believers of the religion must practice the five pillars of Islam and live a righteous life on earth in order to have a different afterlife than those ‘unbelievers’ (Ross, 2001). People of the Islamic religion must mourn as they prepare for a quick burial (Ross, 2001). A loved one should be buried the day of death or the day after, not any later (Ross, 2001). In public, it is not of their norm for women to show any emotion at a time like this (Ross, 2001). Finding joy in the midst of losing a loved one can be trying. But like Job in the Bible, joy could come quicker if faith is not lost. Grieving is a challenging time to stay positive. Making the attempt to stay positive helps push one through the grieving process without getting stuck in one of the stages for too long. A good way to find joy is to continue to praise God and not to lose faith in Him. In closing, re-reading the book of Job in the Holy Bible has reminded me of how important it is to praise God in the midst of a storm. The loss of a loved one is tragic for anyone and grieving is a natural process in life. But if the focus stays on praising God and not losing faith, that grieving process can turn into a healing process and it is possible to find peace in the midst of grieving. God always has a rainbow waiting at the end of each storm, it just depends how long it takes for you to play in the rain before you get there.

Essay on War -- Politics Conflict Battle War

Essay on war War has been a part of human culture since it's birth. It has led to a great many massacres and has shown us the evil that exists within the souls of humanity. Some have even gone as far as saying that war is human nature. To better understand the reasons behind war and how it affects others, I've examined several different societies and cultures so as to better understand the necessity of war and see the cause of their external war attitude. To do so, different variables from two topics (military institutions and external war attitude) were matched up and crossed so as to look into the answers to these questions. The variables were then calculated and through these graphs, I was able to find different societies in which these variables applied to. The different variables that I looked into were that of hostility toward other societies, acceptability of violence toward people in other societies, decision to engage in war, leadership during battle, and the value of war: violence again st non-members or groups. It is through looking into these variables that I'd like to test my hypothesis on how a countries holdings and military prowess causes more of an aggressive external war attitude towards surrounding countries and societies. With this in mind, I'd also like to look further into each culture to see if the greatness of being a warrior increases the aggression on the outside peoples. Through my research of the various variables, I came across several different societies that scored highly on my variable chart. To further test my hypothesis, I've taken these various variables and researched them through different societies to either prove or disprove m hypothesis. Somalis My research begins with the Somalis. Th... ...es external war attitude. I was also incorrect in that I forgot to include within my hypothesis that the leaders outlook of the situation and how the expansion of their military and their holdings would also bring about a different outtake on how their war attitude would be. So in conclusion, these societies have shown me that the main reason for these societies going into war was their hope of gaining prestige, wealth, and a greater territory. It's something that is not much different than now. After all, it's human nature. Works Cited Keen, Benjamin "The Aztec Image in Western Thought" Rutgers University 1971 Tooker, Elisabeth "The Huron" 1965 Buck, Peter "The Coming of the Maori" 1962 Muir, Lucy Philip "An African People in the 20th Century" 1934 Baxter P.T.W.& A.Butt "Azande and Related Peoples of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Belgian Congo"(1953)

The History of Italian Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance was driven by a force of great strides in humanity. This was a time for a re-awakening of educated thinking, great artistic endeavors, and an empowering factor of humanism to use free will to govern one's future rather than allowing the church to dictate the correct path in life. The city of Florence became the center for much of this activity, where artists and scholars were sponsored royally by like-minded families of great wealth and social power. More emphasis was put onto education as a means of freedom from ignorance instead of a reason to serve God. There was a shift in power from the church to a general secularization in all areas of life, with the main focus being on the enhancement in the studies of the arts. The arts were looked at in a new way, using humanism as the new religion and the new way to achieve the greatest possible virtue. The actual term Renaissance means â€Å"re-birth†, which is essentially what was taking place overall, in Florence and other Italian states. â€Å"For Burckhardt this period consisted, broadly speaking, of the 15th century in Italy, a time and place in which â€Å"medieval† man became â€Å"modern† man. -Italy-History of, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2000. (1) This was a re-birth of ideas, learning, communication, artistry and beliefs. All of these factors were culminating together to prepare the world for the dawning of a new age, and a new direction for man to move in. The Italian Renaissance began finding it's niche among the elite in Florence in 1360, however, this was just the beginning. The Renaissance proved to be more established by the early fifteenth century among the rest of Italy, and eventually the rest of Europe. . The world was changing and ready for a new way of thinking. No longer were individuals prepared to accept the teachings of the church as their guidelines in life. Society wanted more from life than what the church had to offer. Italian culture, most noteably in Florence, was growing wealthier. With this increase of wealth came a need to pursue personal limits in achievement, education, and ability. â€Å"In their society, successful individuals, usually men, clearly were capable of doing more in this world than traditional religious views allowed. † – Modern European History I, 1992. (2) The humanists came forth from this need to learn. They were the intellect behind the Renaissance and brought to light a new view of what should be taught and studied. They embraced the classics; translating many from the ancient Greek and Roman script they were originally created in, and redefining how these works were originally interpreted. They looked upon studies in grammar, rhetorics, poetry, history and moral philosophy as a means of elevating their self-worth, and discovered that man can create his own destiny rather than follow a pre-ordained fate determined by the church. By using education to further themselves in society, the free-willed humanists were setting the standards for educated thinking, that current modern day life adheres to. â€Å"Humanism was the most important single intellectual movement of the Renaissance. † – Eugene F. Rice Jr, 1970. (3) Humanism was not only focused on education; this way of thinking also held power over other aspects of the Renaissance. 2 As much of the educational aspect centered in Florence, so did the growing desire for beauty and culture to be represented in art; another strong factor of humanism. With it's economic and social standing becoming rapidly elevated, and due to the strong tradition of democracy it held, Florence would prove to have the ideal surroundings for the birth of artistry in the Italian Renaissance movement. At the beginning of the Renaissance, Florence was a well-established, commercial city primarily controlled by the rich merchant class and some of the very wealthy and powerful families that resided there. Families such as the de Medici family, would commission artists to design and build enormous churches, palaces and other monuments to cement the families' position in Florence. Using this type of backing sponsorship, the growing artistic community was able to flourish and thrive, and produce a mutitude of glorious works, focusing on a new embodiment of their skill. The human body was looked upon and studied with more detail and realism than ever before. This lead to more accurate and life-like art work, both in painting and sculpture. Much of the art moved away from the old themes of portraying the world and humanity as perfectly as possible, and concentrated instead on capturing the actual likeness of the subject matter, no matter how unappealing or distressing it may have been. With enormous financial sponsorship behind them, artists were able to concentrate soley on their craft and expand it into the new, Renaissance style. They met great opposition from the church but were able to continue moving forward with the ongoing support of their benefactors. The infallible teachings of the church combined with the power of the Pope, were constantly challenged by the humanists and those that followed this new style of thought. Citizens were more and more frequently pledging allegiance to the crown rather than to the Vatican, creating a steady decline of power from religion. â€Å"The Christian truth that had been acknowledged as comprehending all phenomena, earthly or heavenly, now had to co-exist with a classical attitude that was overwhelmingly directed toward earthly life. – Humanism, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2000. (4) Knowledge began to undermine the position of the church. An ever-increasing amount of followers of humanism reaffirmed the fact that humans are individuals and not just souls passing through earth on their way to eternity in heaven or hell. As individuals, every human had the right to discovering his own destiny and potential. These beliefs and views were strongly frowned upon by the church, who tried in vain to reassert their influence on society. Much of the great wealth of the era was also looked at as un-Christian, but the humanists argued that wealth was only a means to achieve greater virtue. Money was needed to fund and support the arts, which provided the tools to further enlightenment in these areas. The church however, could only accept this wealth if it was used for the greater good of society. This was an argument to prevail throughout the Renaissance. From the re-evaluation of education and art, society has derived an opportunity to determine their own destiny, based on the knowledge they choose to empower themselves with. Humanists may have opposed the church and it's teachings in order 4 to move forward with free will and choice, but without that opposition, life would not hold the amount of wonderment and variation that exists today. The humanistic efforts that began during the Italian Renaissance paved the way for society to become more independent in their thinking, more realistic in their arts, and more educated in subject matter that had been too long denied. The Italian Renaissance shaped and altered the â€Å"modern† world, bringing society out of the â€Å"medieval† times and onto the path that stretched toward the optimistic future.

How Will Science and Technology Improve Our Future?

Finding Median Graphically Marks inclusive series| Conversion into exclusive series| No. of students| Cumulative Frequency| (x)|   | (f)| (C. M)| 410-419| 409. 5-419. 5| 14| 14| 420-429| 419. 5-429. 5| 20| 34| 430-439| 429. 5-439. 5| 42| 76| 440-449| 439. 5-449. 5| 54| 130| 450-459| 449. 5-459. 5| 45| 175| 460-469| 459. 5-469. 5| 18| 193| 470-479| 469. 5-479. 5| 7| 200| The median value of a series may be determinded through the graphic presentation of data in the form of Ogives. This can be done in 2 ways. 1. Presenting the data graphically in the form of ‘less than' ogive or ‘more than' ogive . . Presenting the data graphically and simultaneously in the form of ‘less than' and ‘more than' ogives. The two ogives are drawn together. 1. Less than Ogive approach Marks| Cumulative Frequency (C. M)| Less than 419. 5| 14| Less than 429. 5| 34| Less than 439. 5| 76| Less than 449. 5| 130| Less than 459. 5| 175| Less than 469. 5| 193| Less than 479. 5| 200| Steps i nvolved in calculating median using less than Ogive approach – 1. Convert the series into a ‘less than ‘ cumulative frequency distribution as shown above . 2. Let N be the total number of students who's data is given.N will also be the cumulative frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th  item(student) and mark it on the y-axis. In this case the (N/2)th  item (student) is 200/2 = 100th  student. 3. Draw a perpendicular from 100 to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A. 4. From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph. The median turns out to be 443. 94. 2. More than Ogive approach More than marks| Cumulative Frequency (C. M)| More than 409. 5| 200| More than 419. 5| 186| More than 429. | 166| More than 439. 5| 124| More than 449. 5| 70| More than 459. 5| 25| More than 469. 5| 7| More than 479. 5| 0| Steps involve d in calculating median using more than Ogive approach – 1. Convert the series into a ‘more than ‘ cumulative frequency distribution as shown above . 2. Let N be the total number of students who's data is given. N will also be the cumulative frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th  item(student) and mark it on the y-axis. In this case the (N/2)th  item (student) is 200/2 = 100th  student. 3. Draw a perpendicular from 100 to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A. . From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph. The median turns out to be 443. 94. 3. Less than and more than Ogive approach Another way of graphical determination of median is through simultaneous graphic presentation of both the less than and more than Ogives. 1. Mark the point A where the Ogive curves cut each other. 2. Draw a perpendicular from A on the x-axis. The corresponding value on the x-axis would be the median value.

Free Essays on First Year in College

My First College Year Everyday in my life since I started college has been the same. It seems like I do the same thing everyday without remembering that I did that the day before or just yesterday. It's like a somewhat automatic repeat of my day and I don’t even realize it. I usually always wake up at around 8:00am every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to go to school. Only on those three days I wake up early. On Tuesday and Thursday I wake up just a little bite later, around 11am or 12pm. I usually study all day long when I don’t go to school on those two days. There has never been weekdays were I haven't followed this incidental procedure, well maybe only on long weekends and holidays. My Saturdays and Sundays are also usually similar to any other regular weekend. I always get loads of homework on Fridays, so both days of my free weekend is gone by studying. I never studied on the weekends when I was in high school. Know that I am in college, I have become more mature, and focused then ever, mentally. College has totally changed my sleeping habits also. I usually sleep at either 2 or 3 am everyday regardless of having school the next day or not. I think the reason why I will not go to sleep is because know I am more worried about getting my studying done ahead of time, rather then waiting to the last minute. I am glad that college has made me become more positive about studying. This procedure has really made me a better and a positive person, because I have actually opened myself up to ask more questions, and paying more attention during classes. My thoughts and feeling are opening up more often. The people who already had there first year in college might actually understand my viewpoint. First year in college is the best year, in which you’ve become mature, focused, metally alert, and also trying to find out what career opportunities are available.... Free Essays on First Year in College Free Essays on First Year in College My First College Year Everyday in my life since I started college has been the same. It seems like I do the same thing everyday without remembering that I did that the day before or just yesterday. It's like a somewhat automatic repeat of my day and I don’t even realize it. I usually always wake up at around 8:00am every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to go to school. Only on those three days I wake up early. On Tuesday and Thursday I wake up just a little bite later, around 11am or 12pm. I usually study all day long when I don’t go to school on those two days. There has never been weekdays were I haven't followed this incidental procedure, well maybe only on long weekends and holidays. My Saturdays and Sundays are also usually similar to any other regular weekend. I always get loads of homework on Fridays, so both days of my free weekend is gone by studying. I never studied on the weekends when I was in high school. Know that I am in college, I have become more mature, and focused then ever, mentally. College has totally changed my sleeping habits also. I usually sleep at either 2 or 3 am everyday regardless of having school the next day or not. I think the reason why I will not go to sleep is because know I am more worried about getting my studying done ahead of time, rather then waiting to the last minute. I am glad that college has made me become more positive about studying. This procedure has really made me a better and a positive person, because I have actually opened myself up to ask more questions, and paying more attention during classes. My thoughts and feeling are opening up more often. The people who already had there first year in college might actually understand my viewpoint. First year in college is the best year, in which you’ve become mature, focused, metally alert, and also trying to find out what career opportunities are available....

Spelling Tips When to Drop the “E” - Proofread My Paper

Spelling Tips When to Drop the â€Å"E† - Proofread My Paper Spelling Tips: When to Drop the â€Å"E† Thanks to acid house, the phrase â€Å"dropping an ‘e’† sounds rather unsavory these days. Nevertheless, in some situations, dropping an â€Å"e† is essential to correct spelling (which is how we proofreaders get our kicks). More specifically, you need to be careful when adding a suffix to a word that ends in â€Å"e† because this changes how certain words are spelled. Luckily, there are a couple of helpful guidelines to follow. Suffixes Starting with Vowels The most important rule is that, most of the time, you should drop the â€Å"e† from the end of a word when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (e.g., â€Å"-ing,† â€Å"-ed† or â€Å"-able†). For example, the suffix â€Å"-ed† can be added to the word â€Å"talk† to make the past tense â€Å"talked† without any problem. But when a word already ends in â€Å"e,† like â€Å"dance,† we drop the final â€Å"e† so that the past tense is â€Å"danced† (i.e., â€Å"danc-ed,† not â€Å"dance-ed†). Other examples include: Suffix Example Word Modified Version -able Live Livable -age Dote Dotage -ed Inspire Inspired -est True Truest -ing Note Noting -ion Adulterate Adulteration -ory Celebrate Celebratory -ous Fame Famous This isn’t a complete list of relevant suffixes (â€Å"-er,† â€Å"-ation† and â€Å"-ist† are common too), but it should give you a sense of what to look out for. A Few Exceptions As with any rule, there are exceptions to the convention outlined above, such as words that end with double vowels, â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge.† Double Vowels Words that end in double vowels (e.g., â€Å"-ee† or â€Å"-oe†) don’t always require the final â€Å"e† to be dropped when adding a vowel suffix: Agree → Agreeable Shoe → Shoeing However, some modifications do require you to drop the final â€Å"e†: Argue → Arguable Accrue → Accruing There’s no shortcut to getting things right here, so you should always double check the spelling with these and similar words. â€Å"-ce† and †-ge† Here the rule is not to drop the final â€Å"e† from words that end with either â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge† when adding a suffix that starts with an â€Å"a† (e.g., â€Å"-able†) or an â€Å"o† (e.g., â€Å"-ous†): Advantage → Advantageous Bridge → Bridgeable Efface → Effaceable Suffixes Starting with Consonants Finally, suffixes that begin with consonants, most of which dont require dropping the final â€Å"e† from words that end in that letter; the noun â€Å"time,† for instance, can be modified to â€Å"timely† by simply adding the suffix â€Å"-ly.† The problematic words are those that end in â€Å"-ue† like â€Å"true,† â€Å"due† or â€Å"argue,† which do require you to drop the final â€Å"e† when adding a suffix that starts with a consonant: True → Truly Due → Duly Argue → Argument

The Idea of Nature and its Essence

The Idea of Nature and its Essence The idea of nature is one of the most widely employed in philosophy and by the same token one of the most ill-defined. Authors such as Aristotle and Descartes relied on the concept of nature to explain the fundamental tenets of their views, without ever attempting to define the concept. Even in contemporary philosophy, the idea is oftentimes employed, in different forms. So, what is nature? Nature and the Essence of a Thing The philosophical tradition that traces back to Aristotle employs the idea of nature to explain that which defines the essence of a thing. One of the most fundamental metaphysical concepts, the essence indicates those properties that define what a thing is. The essence of water, for instance, will be its molecular structure, the essence of a species, its ancestral history; the essence of a human, its self-consciousness or its soul. Within the Aristotelian traditions, hence, to act in accordance with nature means to take into account the real definition of each thing when dealing with it. The Natural World At times the idea of nature is instead used to refer to anything that exists in the universe as part of the physical world. In this sense, the idea embraces anything that falls under the study of the natural sciences, from physics to biology to environmental studies. Natural vs. Artificial Natural is often used also to refer to a process which occurs spontaneously as opposed to one that occurs as the result of the deliberation of a being. Thus, a plant grows naturally when its growth was not planned by a rational agent; it grows otherwise artificially. An apple would hence be an artificial product, under this understanding of the idea of nature, although most would agree that an apple is a product of nature (that is, a part of the natural world, that which is studied by natural scientists). Nature vs. Nurture Related to the spontaneity vs. artificiality divide is the idea of nature as opposed to nurture. The idea of culture becomes here central to draw the line. That which is natural as opposed to that which is the outcome of a cultural process. Education is a central example of a non-natural process: under many accounts, education is seen as a process against nature. Clearly enough, from this perspective there are some items that cannot ever be purely natural: any human development is shaped by the activity, or lack thereof, of interaction with other human beings; there is no such thing as a natural development of human language, for instance. Nature as Wilderness The idea of nature is at times used to express the wilderness. Wilderness lives at the edge of civilization, of any cultural processes. In the strictest reading of the term, humans can encounter wilderness in very few selected places on earth nowadays, those were the influence of human societies is negligible; if you include the environmental impact produced by humans on the whole ecosystem, there may well be no wild place left on our planet. If the idea of wilderness is loosened a bit, then even through a walk in a forest or a trip on the ocean one may experience that which is wild, i.e. natural. Nature and God Finally, an entry on nature cannot omit that which perhaps has been the most widely employed understanding of the term in past millennia: nature as the expression of the divine. The idea of nature is central in most religions. It has taken numerous forms, from specific entities or processes (a mountain, the sun, the ocean, or fire) to embracing the whole realm of existents. Further Online Readings The entry on Laws of Nature at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.The entry on Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

The representation of violence in Michael Haneke's Films Essay

The representation of violence in Michael Haneke's Films - Essay Example The essay will be about Michael Haneke’s Representation of Violence in his films, who is a former literary and film critic. According to Aaron (2007), in most of his life work, he undermines the development of the contemporary society. He has produced the most disturbing films, which contain much violence in the contemporary cinema, and has caused many viewers to feel sick in their stomach after watching them. The essay will be examining the stylistic and technical methods that Haneke uses that are not only his directive characteristics as an auteur, but also examine the typical difference between how he represents violence and how it has an effect on society those movies and that of conventional society. In the films Benny’s Video (Haneke, 1992), Funny Games (1997) and Cache (Haneke, 2005) there is clear evidence of how Haneke represents violence and it is not only self-reflective, but it empowers role of the viewer’s by attracting their imagination. We will also look at how Haneke criticizes the ubiquity of violent in superficial moving images. With Haneke’s production of films that address themes that are considered difficult measured by the commercial cinema standards, which include violence trauma effects, alienation, sexism and racism as made him be labeled as a modernist. In today’s films, it is almost impossible to view the whole film without witnessing violence at least as a side spectacle. The film may be either a horror movie that its focus is violence or just a comedy that needs to add some more laughs in the content; one can argue that all these films do not depict the pain and horrifying reality of violence in the real world. Apparently, the images of bombing in countries such as Libya, Southern Sudan and Iraq or a murder committed in a nearby city that one lives look to be not much of the meaning that one still want to watch a violent movie. In fact, because of the ubiquity of the images that contains violence rarely

Evaluation and analysis of the complemntary therepy Reiki Essay

Evaluation and analysis of the complemntary therepy Reiki - Essay Example Reiki is nothing but universal life force energy having different names in different countries. It is known as chi in China, bio-plasmic energy in Russia, prana in India. Leeuwen (2005) asserts everything in our universe is made up entirely of energy. The word â€Å"Reiki† is Japanese, and is made up from two words: â€Å"rei†, meaning â€Å"universal†, and â€Å"ki† meaning â€Å"life force†. It is based on Einstein’s formula that energy is equal to mass times speed of light squared. The mind, body, thoughts, emotions, light and the physical world around all is composed of energy. To sustain the body, which itself is energy, we need external energy from food as well as the universal life force energy. When the energy level in the body is imbalanced, we experience diseases. As Muralidharan (n.d.), confirms, most of the diseases are psychosomatic disorders. Thoughts are stored in the subtle body from the childhood or the past life. Recent events evoke these memories and the thoughts are fed to the mind. The mind then analyzes them and transmits electric impulses to the complete system. The body responds to the impulses received from the mind. Due to high expectations in today’s world, the mind is under constant stress and strain. The chemical pattern as well as the energy level constantly changes due to the changing thought patterns. The evoked emotions affect the endocrine system and the disruption of hormones secretions or the disrupted energy flow is the cause of all diseases. Reiki, the universal life force energy helps to balance the energy level of the body and mind and restores health of an individual. Takata (1982) cites from Hawayo Takata’s Early Diary that there exists One Supreme Being--the Absolute Infinite--a Dynamic Force that governs the world and universe. This is an unseen Supreme power, which vibrates and then all other powers fade into

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement - Essay Example Board saw the need to alert the public about the different safety regulations which have to be imposed and which have to be complied with in the transportation sector. The safety of Emergency Medical Services flights, more particularly the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) flights were recently added to the list. The NTSB accurately pointed out that the mission of the EMS is to save lives; therefore, operating an EMS flight in an unsafe environment â€Å"just makes no sense† (Rosenker, as quoted by Air Safety Week, 2008). This most wanted improvement identified by the NTSB involves the â€Å"conduct of flights with medical personnel on board in accordance with commuter aircraft regulations† (NTSB, 2009). This improvement is also being described in terms of developing and implementing flight risk evaluation programs; requiring formalized dispatch and flight-following procedures plus up-to-date weather information; and installing terrain awareness and warning systems on aircrafts (NTSB, 2009). In 2006, the NTSB adopted the NTSB Special Investigation Report where they sought out to establish the importance of the EMS and of guaranteeing the safety of these flights. This report assessed EMS accidents from January 2002 to January 2005 and they were able to uncover about 55 EMS accidents during said time with 29 of these accidents preventable through corrective measures (SafeMedFlight, n.d). Most of these flights involved helicopters deployed by the EMS where, most recent figures registered a total of 35 casualties. The preventable nature of these accidents is an important indicator of the need to implement changes and improvements in EMS flights. The report above prompted the NTSB to seek the assistance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in order for the latter to adopt measures in order to improve the safety of EMS flights. The NTSB was able to establish, during its investigation and assessments, that there seem to be less stringent

Who can enforce the articles of association Essay

Who can enforce the articles of association - Essay Example This sort of contract (statutory contract) has certain features distinct from an ordinary contract. These features were explained by the Court of Appeal in Bratton Seymore Service Co Ltd v Oxborough. These features include: i. Origin. The contract being a statutory one originates from the statute instead of an agreement between the parties. By virtue of the fact that it is statutory, it cannot be invalidated on grounds of misrepresentation, mistake, undue influence or duress. iii. Ammendment. The contract can only be amended by a special majority. This means that only a minimum of three-quarters of the members are required to vote in favor of the resolution. This is encapsulated under Sec. 21. With the contracts characterized by the above features the question of enforcement becomes a major issue mainly because of the last feature- Rights. Not all members of the company have the right to enforce rights contained in the articles. So this raises the question- who has such rights? The enforcement of statutory contracts has been the subject of constant academic debates due to contradictory case law. This will be illustrated by two cases. The following two cases illustrate the complexities that arise when a member tries to enforce a company’s articles. In this case, the articles contained a clause stating that a certain member would be appointed as the company’s solicitor. This member was not appointed as such and proceeded to unsuccessfully sue the company for breach. The court held that the member could not sue simply because there was no contractual relationship between a member as solicitor and the company. The company’s articles of association contained a clause stating that ‘no resolution of directors on certain matters would be valid if either of two named managing directors voted against the resolution’. The plaintiff was one of the managing directors and he voted against this resolution but the company

Why does God let people suffer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why does God let people suffer - Essay Example The existence of a powerful and benevolent deity responsible for the design and creation of the world as well exercising power over the laws of nature has been debated by both skeptics and believers for millennia. Skeptics have often enquired; If God is all knowing all powerful and all good as most religions tend to believe, then it translates there should be no evil in the world because he would be able and willing to prevent its occurrence. Conversely, believers claim that despite his possession of the above attributes, he has given humanity freedom of choice, which would be moot, if he were to exercise these powers over them. David Hume’s articles attempts an explanation of the compatibility of God’s nature with the imperfection and evil that characterizes the world. Hume takes it for granted that God exists, his focus in the article is to determine if evidence of an infinitely good powerful and perfect God can be derived from the imperfect nature of the world. With inference form Hume’s work this paper will defend this claim that the nature and existence of a benevolent God cannot be deduced by humans from the natural and imperfect condition of the universe. In support of this claim, Hume puts forward several arguments to demonstrate the nature of Gods workmanship of the universe and the many flaws, which in the eyes of human intellect cannot logically be used as inference of benevolent God. The fact that pain exists and animals are doomed to suffer it is the first contrivance of evil in Gods supposed creation, through pain and pleasure animals are forced to become vigilant as they engage in the never ending routine of self-preservation. Hume posits that pain in unnecessary and should not rationally be used as the extreme opposite of pleasure. When an animal is hungry or thirsty for instance, instead of just feeling a reduction of the pleasure it briefly experienced should why should it feel the pain of this deficiency (Clark 82)? If the world was created by a benevolent and all-powerful God, should he not simply eliminate the pain that courses so much suffering and substitute it with absence of pleasures? The unpredictable and sometime s punitive character of our natural environment also makes it difficult for the human faculty to understand or accept that a benevolent creator could have been behind the universe’s design (Hume). The world is fraught with disasters many, which man can neither predict nor prevent and it would be logical to assume that God in his goodness would mitigate to either end them or turn them to the advantage of humanity. However, nature seems to follow no moral code and to some extent, it can be seen as evil, even immoral in its action and inactions. When adults die through accidents of disease, there is always an allowance from religious perspective that they could have died in penance for their sins, in most communities this is universally recognized if not accepted. However, illness also strikes innocent children who are incapable of doing wrong and therefore, why them would they suffer the same as those who knowingly commit sins. If the concept behind the belief in God and religi on is that we should lead righteous and moral lives and those who do not will be punished, indeed it is said that the wages of sin are death. Ironically, hurricanes, tornados, and pestilence do not select their victims and therefore one is forced to question whether there is any merit in the natural laws that coincides with religious moral expectations. What is the point of leading moral lives if the good and evil are treated with the same lethal indifference by nature and why would God make it so? Another example of what makes the universe so irrationally constructed is the frugality with which abilities are distributed with each animal having so little control over its own pleasure. Elephants are bestowed with great strength but lack speed, humans have great intellect (Compared to beasts) yet they would be helpless without the

Who can enforce the articles of association Essay

Who can enforce the articles of association - Essay Example This sort of contract (statutory contract) has certain features distinct from an ordinary contract. These features were explained by the Court of Appeal in Bratton Seymore Service Co Ltd v Oxborough. These features include: i. Origin. The contract being a statutory one originates from the statute instead of an agreement between the parties. By virtue of the fact that it is statutory, it cannot be invalidated on grounds of misrepresentation, mistake, undue influence or duress. iii. Ammendment. The contract can only be amended by a special majority. This means that only a minimum of three-quarters of the members are required to vote in favor of the resolution. This is encapsulated under Sec. 21. With the contracts characterized by the above features the question of enforcement becomes a major issue mainly because of the last feature- Rights. Not all members of the company have the right to enforce rights contained in the articles. So this raises the question- who has such rights? The enforcement of statutory contracts has been the subject of constant academic debates due to contradictory case law. This will be illustrated by two cases. The following two cases illustrate the complexities that arise when a member tries to enforce a company’s articles. In this case, the articles contained a clause stating that a certain member would be appointed as the company’s solicitor. This member was not appointed as such and proceeded to unsuccessfully sue the company for breach. The court held that the member could not sue simply because there was no contractual relationship between a member as solicitor and the company. The company’s articles of association contained a clause stating that ‘no resolution of directors on certain matters would be valid if either of two named managing directors voted against the resolution’. The plaintiff was one of the managing directors and he voted against this resolution but the company

Introduction to Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to Global Business - Assignment Example two decades, China has become an attractive option for foreign entrepreneurs to invest because of the low wages on offer and access to cheap materials. However, just because China has a lot of economic potential does not mean that it is easy for foreign investors to succeed there. The number one determining factor of whether a foreign entrepreneur is successful or not largely comes down to culture. Chinese culture has a long history that is steeped in traditional, yet it is becoming more open to the west as Chinese leaders realize that economic growth can benefit the masses. This paper will discuss in detail about what to do when setting up business in China and what should not be done. The stories of three British entrepreneurs (Tony, Peter, and Vance) will provide examples that show the good and the bad of conducting business in China. When doing business in China, it is important to have respect for the local people and cultural customs. It was not until recently that China was opened up to the world, so the country naturally has a very low opinion of foreigners and expects them to make every effort to do business the Chinese way. Because of the obvious cultural differences, such as in language and communication techniques, it is a must to get some inside local knowledge on how to conduct business there. In â€Å"Brits get rich in China,† Tony was the only one to realize this before he opened business there; he managed to find a Chinese business partner, Miss Dy (Akmadakmal 2012). Tony even admitted that if he was going to do well in China, then it is a must to find a local Chinese business partner. Also, Peter eventually chose to work with a Chinese business partner, Cecil P., but only after failing to succeed by himself (Akmadakmal 2012). Unlike the other two entrepreneurs, Peter had never visited China before he decided to make the move there to sell his air conditioning energy saving units; he is also 70 years old, which shows maybe that he was unwilling to

The method for carrying Essay Example for Free

The method for carrying Essay My aim is to investigate the mathematical propagation of bad tomatoes This is essentially an investigation of patterns derived from a simple set of rules for this propagation, in the manner of a simplified life genesis program. The rules are as followed: 1. The first hour, any one of the tomatoes (depending on the investigation) turns bad 2. From that hour on, any tomato touched by a bad tomato will turn bad itself, on an hourly basis. 3. Tomatoes are constrained within an nn grid, which restricts propagation of bad tomatoes. As visible from the rules, this allows for creation of simple models to show the propagation of bad tomatoes. From these, I hope to derive formulae, or sets of rules if formulae are not possible, to make logical predictions. We shall define the variables as will be used in the description of this investigation as follows: n The hour in which a tomato turns g The grid size (g2) x The number of turned tomatoes in each n h The number of hours taken for all tomatoes to go bad t Total number of turned tomatoes (equal to g2) Contents Item Page number Introduction 1 Contents 2 Mapping of tomatoes in the middle of a side 3 Tomatoes in the corner 7 Conclusion. This grid represents the propagation of bad tomatoes in an nxn square, covering grids up to size 2424. Some of the results for this data are plotted on the table below: While at first it seems the patterns in this table should be obvious, this is deceptive. Only by splitting the table into three regions do we see the separate patterns defining the table. These regions, as shown in the following table, allow patterns to emerge. These patterns do not, as you would expect, work down with different numbers in the same grids, but instead work across with the same number in different grids. In the first region (yellow), we see that, in every case, x is equal to n+n-1. The latter two regions (green and purple) are substantially harder, and require a sequential approach. Naturally, the first step in devising a formula, to take n and g and return x, is determining which region the number lies in. This is a simple matter of comparing g with n. Once we know the region, we can use a set op steps to calculate the number x. The method for carrying out this operation will be described shortly. The left grid shows an updated version of my results demonstrating the three regions yellow, green and purple, as well as some extra data formulated from the patterns observed. This is the first step in trying to formulate equations to work on all situations. Before moving on to the main essence of the project, finding a formula to derive x from n and g, we shall examine a few other formulae not directly related to this but still relevant to the investigation. Â  To find the total number of hours taken for all tomatoes to go bad within a grid, you use a formula depending on g. This formula also depends on whether g is odd or even: Â  If g is odd, then h=((g+1)/2)-1 If g is even then h=(g/2)+1 Â  In all square grid situations, t is always g2. The number of tomatoes to turn each hour in an infinite grid, starting on the side in the centre is equal to 2n-1. The total number of tomatoes that are bad after each hour is equal to n2. We shall briefly describe the patterns used to expand this table and in the following formulae: Yellow numbers always go up by 0 each grid size Green numbers go up by 1 Purple numbers go up by 3 Green/yellow boundaries go up by 1 Purple/green boundaries go up by 2 We now move on to analyse the main problem: the individual number of tomatoes to turn in each hour. This, as mentioned earlier, is a much more complicated program, and requires division of the grid into three regions. The following steps attempt to demonstrate how, and why, this is done. 1. The first step is to compare n with g, to work out which region the answer is likely to lie in. For this example we shall use two numbers, grid size 24 and tomato number 25. Compare n with g: If ng, x lies in the purple region If n=g, x lies in the green region If gn, x lies in green or yellow and further calculation is needed: If g is odd: if g= n-((g-1)/2) x is yellow, and if gn-((g-1)/2) then x is green If g is even: if g= n-(g/2) x is yellow, and if gn-(g/2) x is green We then move to region specific instructions: Yellow x =2n-1 Green x =g Purple. (Calculating purple numbers is substantially more complex) (Also note the existence of bln, a new variable we introduce here whose meaning will be explained later) Do n mod 3: N mod 3 = 0 then Bln = 2(n/3) N mod 3 = 1 then Bln = (2((n+2)/3))-1 N mod 3 = 2 then Bln = 2((n+1)/3) Do g bln Again, look at n mod 3: If 0, multiply last number by 3 and add 1 If 1, multiply last number by 3 and add 2 If 2, multiply last number by 3 and add 3 Therefore, by this process we can calculate any number from the grid size and the hour. For our example, g = 24 and n = 25, we would do the following: 1.n g, therefore x is purple 2. 25 mod 3 is 1, therefore bln = 2(27/3))-1 = 17 3. 24 17 is 7 4. 25 mod 3 is 1, therefore we: 5. Multiply 7 by 3 = 21 6. And add 2, giving 23 I have checked this with both an extended table of results (created using the patterns found earlier), and with a small excel macro designed to count the numbers of tomatoes turned each hour. Both yield the same result. Â  The left is the segment from my expanded table showing the result. The 23 in the middle of the table represents grid size 24 and hour 25 what my formula predicted. The left here is the automatic count from my macro. The data reads (for a 2424 table) hour,count (or n,x). This also agrees with my prediction. We shall here briefly explain how the purple formula works (formulas for both green and yellow are self-explanatory). I observed that the base line (the line marking the bottom of the purple section- representative of the number of tomatoes to turn bad in the final hour) of the purple section follows a three stage recurring pattern. Because we are working from the base line to reach our result, as the numbers go up by 3 each time, calculating the start point and value of the base line for each hour was essential. To work easily with a three -stage recurrence, we needed to work in base 3, the easiest implementation of which involves modulo arithmetic. By doing n mod 3, we work out which stage of the cycle represents the first grid size for tomatoes to turn in a particular hour. Once the cycle is split, we can show different formulae for each stage, derived from observance of the patterns.

Upgrading Existing Land Rover Defenders Powertrain

Upgrading Existing Land Rover Defenders Powertrain Upgrade the existing Land Rover Defenders powertrain Introduction The design teams project aim: To propose a program and new engine design to upgrade the existing Land Rover Defenders powertrain The following report discusses weaknesses of the current LR Defender along with a subsequent review of advanced engine technologies. Finally the design targets for the new proposed engine are defined with all necessary parameters calculated and justified. The design team have also considered the cost, manufacturability and marketing affects of the new engine as well as the performance requirements. Benchmarking The current LR Defender engine will be critically analysed in-relation to the vehicles main competitors in the market place. This will allow the weaknesses of the current engine model to be determined and thus rectified for the new specification engine. The engine throughout the following section will be critically analysed in the following main areas; Acceleration speed performance Engine power effectiveness (MEP and power density) Emissions of harmful gases and particulates Fuel economy The potential customer perception of vehicles engine and other performance criterion (including value for money). The following competitor vehicles were researched and compared to the current LR Defender to establish baseline requirements for the new spec engine; Jeep Wrangler Unlimited (regarded as the main competitor) Mercedes-Benz G-Class G550 Nissan Patrol GR Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0 D For a table of the above vehicles full specifications, benchmarked with the existing LR Defender, refer to Fig.4.7 in Appendix.1. Analysis Discussion By reviewing the benchmarking table, Fig.4.7 in Appendix.1, it becomes apparent that the current LR Defender is slower than its competitors by taking 14.7 seconds to reach 0 62 mph compared with the Jeep Wranglers time of 11.7 seconds. Although the LR Defender is not expected to have a very fast acceleration time, as it is an off-utility vehicle, potential customers may be discouraged by the Defenders slow acceleration characteristics compared to the Jeep and its other competitors. The fastest acceleration time is achieved by the Mercedes-Benz G550 which can go 0 62 mph in an impressive 6.1 seconds with its supercharged 5L V8 petrol engine. The cost of the Mercedes-Benz G550 however is 50,250 (compared to 27,610 for the Defender) and has twice the engine capacity of the Defender, so is expected to be far more powerful with its petrol engine compared to the 2.4L turbocharged diesel Defender engine. The design teams proposal is that the current LR Defender engine should at least match or beat its rival the Jeep Wrangler in areas such as acceleration time from 0-62 mph as the Defender is more expensive than the Jeep and approximately 230kg lighter. Another issue is that the Defenders top speed is the lowest out of all its competitors. This low top speed has also attracted criticism from motoring journalist Jeremy Clarkson (2006) who stated that the biggest drawback of the LR Defender is its weak engine and thus corresponding slow acceleration and top speed. The new LR Defender engine must eliminate these same criticisms to become more competitive in the market place and thus more appealing to potential customers. Vehicle Power per cylinder (kW/cylinder) Power Density Ratio (kW/L) LR Defender 2.4L D 4inl 22.50 37.48 Jeep Wrangler 2.8L D 4inl 32.50 46.81 Mercedes Benz G550 5.5L V8 petrol 47.75 70.23 Nissan Patrol GR 3.0 D 4inl 29.50 39.96 Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0D 4inl 30.75 41.25 Fig.1.0 compares the effectiveness of the engines that were benchmarked in detail. It shows that the Defenders current engine has the lowest power density in terms of engine capacity. This is a big weakness as it shows that the when not taking into account the Defenders relatively small engine capacity, its engine is vastly underpowered. The Mercedes Benz G550 as expected displays the best power density as it is a gasoline engine. The Defenders regarded closest rival in terms of target market and image, the Jeep Wrangler, also shows a much greater power density ratio. Or group propose to increase the engines the power density to be comparable with the Jeep Wrangler with at least a ratio of above 43kW/L. Vehicle Torque (Nm) MEP (Mpa) LR Defender 2.4L D 4inl 360 1.885 Jeep Wrangler 2.8L D 4inl 400 1.815 Mercedes Benz G-Class G550 5.5L V8 petrol 391 0.903 Nissan Patrol GR 3.0 D 4inl 380 1.619 Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0D 4inl 410 1.729 A weakness of the current Defender however is highlighted test drive of the vehicle by motor journalist Jeremy Clarkson (2006) for the Times Newspaper. He stated that the vehicle simply did not have enough torque to pull a horse trailer behind it at a reasonable speed. This can be backed up by the data seen in Fig.1.1 above which shows that the current Defender engine produces the least amount of torque out of all its competitors. This weakness is heavily compounded by the fact that the vehicle is marketed as an off-road vehicle and thus needs high torque requirements to be-able to navigate through steep and loose terrain effectively. As a consequence customers may be off put by the fact that the current Defender has less torque than its competitors and thus this issue will have to be addressed when upgrading the existing engine. The new engine must be made more environmentally friendly than the current engine as January 2013 will see the current Euro 5 emissions targets replaced by the Euro 6 legislation and thus stricter emissions targets. The Defender is third best out the five competitors the vehicle was benchmarked against in regards to CO2 emissions, which is an indicator for overall total emission performance. The current Defender comes second best to the Jeep Wrangler in regards to fuel economy, by achieving a combined fuel economy of 28.3 mpg. However the other diesel engine competitors, the Nissan Patrol and Toyota Land Cruiser are less fuel efficient than the Defender. When purchasing an off-road vehicle such as the Defender, fuel economy may not be the most important factor but it has become more important to potential customers over the last decade. The same could be said for the greater importance of emissions performance that potential customers may look for. The new Defender engine is likely to be more powerful and thus a better fuel economy target (comparable to 32.8mpg of the Jeep Wrangler) may be out of reach. However through reviewing and selecting technologies, the fuel economy performance could be improved slightly or at least kept the same. From analysing the Defender, by using the data displayed in Fig.4.7 (Appendix.1), it can be seen that the vehicle is neither the best nor worst performing vehicle in regards to fuel economy, but averagely in relationship to competitors. The balance of the current Defenders inline four engine configuration, according to Nunney (2006), has perfect primary balance because when one pair of pistons are moving up, the other pair are moving down at the same time. Inline four engines however do not have perfect secondary dynamic balance. This is because piston acceleration varies depending on its vertical position within the cylinder head in relation to the crankshaft that it is connected to. This leads to one pair of pistons moving faster than the other, which creates a secondary imbalance and results in the engine vibrating vertically. Nunney (2006) also explains that at low power configurations the secondary imbalance (vibration) is not too severe but can get considerably worse with increasing size and powerful engines. This may explain why the current inline 4 Defender engine has a lower displacement than its competitors, to reduce secondary imbalance vibration in order to appeal to potential customers and save costs on designing a crankshaft to damp heavy engine vibration. The following strengths are also exhibited by the current engine; Highest MEP value out of the competitors benchmarked against Best strength to weight ratio (could be due to basic interior making vehicle lighter) Potential customers may overlook the apparent power and torque shortfalls as the highly regarded Land Rover brand may persuade people to buy the vehicle anyway. Summary of existing Defender engine (compared to competitors); Weaknesses Strengths Slowest acceleration from 0 62 Mph Best Mean Effective Pressure of 1.885Mpa, better than competitor vehicles Lowest top speed of only 82 mph Highest Power to weight ratio (kW/kg) More expensive than Jeep Wrangler by >4000 even with poorer speed performance. Fuel economy is not the worst Lowest Power per cylinder produced (kW/cyl) Emission of CO2 is not the worst Secondary imbalance of straight inline four engine configuration (rivals also have this weakness) Long history of Defender may appeal to potential customers, thus engine shortcomings may be overlooked Lowest torque produced out of competitors Not the best in either fuel consumption or emissions, even with smallest capacity engine Lowest Power Density Ratio (kW/L) Current Vehicle Performance Trends Fig 1.3 shows the performance trends for Jaguar engines up to 2010. While exact performance targets cannot be extrapolated from the graph, The design group can see that the new Defender engine needs to have an increase in specific engine power. However with the increase in power, increased emissions and fuel consumption will occur. This in conjunction with Fig 1.4 below from Richardson (2010) shows how CO2 emissions have decreased despite the trend of engine power also increasing. While the trends from Figs 1.3 and 1.4 show that performance trends increase and emissions trends decrease, the group is concluding that potential customers for a LR Defender will be less likely concerned about the vehicles emissions or fuel economy compared to non-SUV vehicles customers. Thus increasing the torque (and power) of the current engine to match its competitors is prioritised. It is conceded that any improvement in fuel economy and emissions departments will be limited, but in the interests of Land Rovers image, any improvement on these characteristics will be beneficial. Advanced Engine Technology Supercharging Turbo-charging Technology Superchargers (mechanical drive driven) This is a device comprising of an air compressor to force more air into the engine. Forcing a greater amount of air (under positive pressure) into the engine provides more oxygen for the combustion process than without a supercharger. As a result more fuel can be thus provided for stoichiometric combustion reaction to occur and allowing more work per a cycle to be done. This thus increases the power output of the engine. The advantage of supercharging according to Daniels (2001) is that it multiplies the engines BMEP and torque by the amount the air compressor increases the atmospheric pressure into the engine. Supercharged engines also experience better throttle response than naturally aspirated engines. The disadvantage of using a supercharger is that it is generally less thermally efficient than the more common used turbocharger (which uses energy from otherwise wasted exhaust gas). Another drawback highlighted by Harris (2002) is that supercharging (particularly mechanical-supercharging techniques) puts extra strain on the engine and its components as they are required to withstand extra strains provided by the supercharging boost. This requires the engine to be made stronger, thus thicker, heavier and more expensive. Daniels (2001) also explains how the noise generated by a superchargers mechanical drive components can contribute to extra passenger discomfort. Turbochargers These devices consist of a turbine and a compressor and are a type of supercharger. The difference is that instead of mechanically driving a compressor to force more air into the engine, turbochargers uses the engines own exhaust gases (which would have been otherwise wasted). It does this by converting the kinetic energy from exhaust gases into rotational energy to turn a turbine. The turbine is connected to the compressor on the same shaft, thus this powers the compressor to draw in atmospheric air and pump it pressurised into the engine. The advantages of a turbocharger are same as for a supercharger as previously described of increasing engine BMEP. This is appropriate for the LR Defender which will need the extra power if being used off-road or in mountainous steep roads, which is the market the vehicle is targeted to. Turbochargers are also more thermally efficient than superchargers due to use of the otherwise wasted exhaust gas. This thus decreases exhaust emissions and fumes expelled into the atmosphere. Daniels (2001) also explains that for mainly diesel engines variable geometry turbochargers can maintain an appropriate exhaust gas speed though the turbo turbine when the engine is at low load. Disadvantages include the need for a cooler to cool exhaust gas before it enters the turbine therefore adding weight and bulk to the engine. During operation turbochargers also experience a turbo lag when the throttle is applied. As previously explained the LR Defenders competitors (particularly its main rival the Jeep Wrangler) have more powerful engines than the current Defender 2.4litre 4 cylinder engine. If upgrading the engine by increasing its cylinder capacity, more air (particularly oxygen) will need to be supplied to the cylinders for combustion. Thus the use of twin-turbochargers may be required to force more air into the cylinders to make the combustion process stoichiometric. Also the advantage of using two smaller turbochargers (twin-turbo), instead of a larger single turbocharger, is that turbo-lag is reduced. Usually a small turbocharger provides boost at low engine speeds and the second kicks in and supplies boost at higher engine speeds. There are two widely known types of twin-turbochargers called Parallel and Sequential types. When comparing the advantages and disadvantages of mechanically-driven superchargers and turbochargers it was decided to use turbochargers as they are more environmentally friendly and fuel efficient to run. The current engine for the LR Defender uses a variable geometry turbocharger and it is likely the new spec engine will also be turbocharged by the same type of unit. Variable Valve Timing Systems Camless Valve Systems Autoweek Magazine (2005) states that camless valve systems were tested in 2005 by Valeo on two Peugeot 407s successfully under extreme weather conditions and intensive testing. The valves were controlled by individual actuators and powered through solenoids to open and close valves. The advantages of camless systems, explained by Daniels (2001), include the following; Valve timing can be altered to as desired In theory some cylinders could be shut off (at low load) to allow others to run more efficiently Valve timing and lift can be matched to the needs of the engine with an estimated saving of up to 20% on fuel saving. The mechanical design of the engine can be simplified as the usage of a camshaft and other associated valve gear become redundant. The advantages however are currently overshadowed by the power needs of the camless system and the associated complexity and reliability issues if the vehicle has electrical problems. Peter Brown who is vice president of powertrain engineering and design for Ricardo stated in Autoweek Magazine (2005) It comes down to complexity and cost which sums up why camless systems are still not (although many think they eventually will be) utilised in passenger vehicle engines. For The new LR Defender engine camless systems will not be used for the disadvantages described above. Variable Valve Timing Technology Mechadyne International (2006) states that that the use of variable valve train systems can substantially reduce both fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The amount by which the variable valve train systems reduce fuel consumption and emissions is going to be approximated to 10%. This is because, as the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) states, BMWs VALVETRONIC system reduces fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by over 12%. According to the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) the following types of variable valve timing technology are available; Camshaft phase adjustment Camshaft-lobe control Fully variable valve timing with camshaft Fully variable valve timing without camshaft Camshaft Phase Adjustment This type of variable valve timing adjusts the phase that the cams are in contact with the levers that open and close the valves. To change the phase of the camshaft small adjustments are made, by electrically controlled actuators, to the camshaft as a function of engine speed. Typically the camshaft can only be controlled to move to two pre-calculated extreme positions. Advantages include greater power, torque and efficiency being experienced for a wider range of engine speeds. Disadvantages to other valve timing methods include the limited range in which the valves timings can actually be altered. Fully Variable Valve Timing with Camshaft These types of systems can vary both valve lift and timing. The lobes on the camshaft have a curved profile which in conjunction with the camshaft being able to move freely laterally, this enables the valve lift and timing to also be varied independent to each other, which is an obvious advantage to the previously limited valve control systems mentioned above. Fully Variable Valve Timing without Camshaft These types of systems are very different, to the previously mentioned, as it replaces the use of a camshaft with either the following types of control methods solenoid (electromagnetic) or electro-hydraulic actuators. The biggest advantage of these systems are that operate independently from the crankshaft and thus this allows the valves to be opened at any time period of the engines cycle. This, as stated by the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007), offers the greatest degree of freedom for valve timing and thus the greatest potential for reducing fuel consumption. Also deactivation of certain cylinders can be achieved thus allowing the active cylinders to work more efficiently at lower engine speeds. Disadvantages are however that superchargers cannot be installed (without very expensive and complicated design), and while space is saved from not using a camshaft, electrical components can be bulky and hazardous. Also the cost of fully variable valve timing systems means it is unlikely they will be incorporated into The new engine design. Camshaft-Lobe Control In these types of systems it becomes possible for a valves timing to be controlled by three separate camshaft lobes depending on the engine speed. According to the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) the one lobes profile is tailored so that valve timing and lift is optimised for the lower to mid engine speed range. Another lobes profile is optimised for higher engine speeds by maximising valve lift and opening times. Systems such as Hondas VTEC and Toyotas WTI use camshaft-lobe control method. Camshaft-lobe shifting types of variable valve timing also share similar advantages and disadvantages to the camshaft phase adjustment method. This type of variable timing (camshaft-lobe control) will be used for the new engine design. This is because it doesnt cost as much (or weigh as much) as the other variable valve timing systems while still being hugely advantageous in terms of performance, fuel economy and emissions control gain. Fuel Injection Systems Common Rail Fuel Injection These fuel systems consist of a common rail tubing system maintained at constant high pressure via a pump. Injectors for each cylinder in the engine are in turn connected to the common rail tubing. The injectors have solenoid valves which are electronically controlled via an engine ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to open and close at the desired timings as explained in detail by DENSO (2005). An advantage of common rail fuel injection is that control of fuel injection (according to Daniels, 2001) is at the injector itself and not at the pump which is the case with other fuel injection systems. Higher pressures can also be achieved thus more fuel can be injected into the cylinder in a shorter amount of time with better fuel atomisation, as described by DENSO (2005), leading to high combustion efficiency and a reduction in emissions. This is important as new emissions targets will have to be met in 2014 with the Euro 6 legislation when the vehicle will be on the market. The main disadvantage of this type of injection technology according to Daniels (2001) is that the injectors are expensive to manufacture and inherently complicated in design. Piezoelectric Injectors (For Common Rail Systems) Instead of using solenoid valves which are more frequently used in common rail fuel injection system, piezoelectric injectors can be used in higher performance engines. These injectors work by using piezoelectric crystals that expand when supplied with an electrical charge and thus opening and closing fuel injection valves. The following attributes of piezoelectric type injectors are common; Greater compact dimensions than solenoid valve injectors. More accurate control over injection timing and fuel volume. Piezoelectric injectors can be used with Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) to minimise diesel engine vibration at low engine speeds. This is achieved by injecting a small quantity of fuel before the main injection quantity. Piezoelectric injectors can also operate faster with more frequency than solenoid valves (approximately five times faster), which allows greater control over fuel consumption and emissions. The Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) states that the use of piezo-injectors for common rail fuel systems can reduce emissions by up to 20%. Emissions Reduction Technologies Stanton (2009) from roadtransport.com explains how the European Parliament (EP) and European Commission (EC) have agreed new targets for comply with Euro-6 emission legislation. The new Euro-6 targets will have to be met by vehicle manufacturers and thus the new spec LR Defender by 1st January 2013. This is before the new LR Defender model will reach Job 1 (mid to late 2013). It is therefore important that new and existing technologies are reviewed in Emissions control to meet these targets. In recent years the environmental performance of vehicles influences potential customers more than ever in their buying decision. It is therefore important we maintain Jaguars highly regarded brand image and compete with competitors by meeting the existing (Euro-5) and future Euro-6 emissions targets. Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) This is a device which is responsible for removing small particulate particles and soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. A DPF is not 100% but is normally found to be over 50% efficient most of the time. A good feature of a DPF is that its function according to torquecars.com (2008) is independent to a catalytic converter thus ensuring a fault in the DPF will not affect overall emissions critically. The advantages of particulate filters are much publicised including removing dangerous small particles from an engines emissions. The two types of DPF, active and passive, have their own advantages and disadvantages. The main disadvantages of DPF, explained by torquecars.com (2008), are highlighted below; The filters can get very hot causing a possible fire safety hazard. To remove a DPF very technical changes have to be made to the affected ECUs to change the sensitivity of sensors in the vehicles engine and exhaust. A DPF can decrease engine performance by at most 10% Bhp. Other Technologies Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) Diesel engines are known to display harsh chugging and vibration at low engine speed, which can now be minimised through technology called Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC). An APC system, described by Delphi (2008) consists of an accelerometer (microphone) attached to the engine block which listens to the nature of the combustion which may have caused vibrations occur throughout the engine block. An engine management system then minimises the unwanted vibrations and noise by optimising the amount of fuel pilot injected for combustion, in a closed loop system, until acceptable noise and vibration levels are reached. ECU Remapping According to mobilechiptune.com (2007), when we remap an engine ECU we are fine tuning the program that deals with engine performance. Remapping or upgrading an ECU could therefore potentially increase the available engine power and torque. Mobilechiptune.com (2007) also states that remapping a diesel turbo engine ECU will produce 30 50% BHP on exact the specification, where diesel engines give the most impressive power and torque gains available. A remap of the ECU will definitely be required be a twin-turbo (or other technologies) are added to the new engine, however the ECU itself is only likely to achieve small gains in efficiency, fuel economy and emissions. Summary of Chosen Technologies Fig1.5 below shows the selected technologies the group is proposing for inclusion into the new Defenders engine. Fig1.5 also shows estimates of the expected improvement over engine performance, emissions and fuel economy. Also see Section.3 for justification to estimates below. Feature Selected Technology Twin-Turbo (reused exhaust gas Variable Valve train Diesel Particulate Filter Piezo Injectors* Improved ECU Mapping APC Performance, BHP + 20% + 10% 10% + 5% + 2.5% + 2.5% Emissions, CO2 g/km + 5% 10% ~ 0% 10% 2.5% 2.5% Fuel Economy, mpg 10% + 10% ~ 0% +10% + 2.5% + 2.5% *Piezo injectors as opposed to solenoid controlled injectors in a common rail fuel injection system. 3. Selection of Engine Arrangements Modified engine parameters: Total engine capacity 3000 cc. Capacity per each cylinder 500 cc. Number of cylinders 6 Type of engine Diesel engine The target is to improve engine performance (mainly torque) by increasing the number of cylinders from 4 to 6. Although there is a reduction of capacity per cylinder, a net increase in total engine capacity of 600 cc will not only compensate it, but also increases total horsepower produced. Kayne (2009) states that 6 cylinder engines are more suited to towing, off-road, hilly and mountainous areas while experiencing greater throttle response. Bore size is thus reduced from 89.9 mm to 82 mm while retaining the same stroke length. Bore/stroke ratio is 1.15, which is within the range of 1-1.3 for diesel engine. The weight of the current engine is estimated as being 180kg taken from a BMW 2.5L inline 4 diesel engine (plus weight added for turbo) from data compiled by Williams (2006), which is a similar spec to the current Defenders 2.4L turbo inline 4. The new engine is estimated as being 25% larger thus heavier by the same margin, and an additional 50kg for the additional technologies a dded. The new engine weight is thus taken as approximately 300kg. 4. Determination of Design Targets This section of the report provides estimations for the new engines power, torque, fuel economy and emissions characteristics. Below Fig1.7 Shows modifications to the Defenders current engine will affect the new engines power performance. Performance Estimation Feature Estimated affect on engines Performance BHP (%) affect from current Defenders 121 BHP engine Increasing engine capacity by 600cc + 25 % + 30 BHP Upgrading current Turbocharger to a Twin-turbo charger + 20 % + 24 BHP Installing a Variable valve train system Camshaft Lobe Control + 10 % + 12 BHP Decreasing the bore from 89.9mm to 82mm 10 % 12 BHP Adding a Diesel Particulate Filter 10 % 12 BHP Piezo-electric injectors (instead of solenoid valves) in common-rail system + 5% + 6 BHP Miscellaneous; -Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) -Improved ECU Mapping -Improved intake air flow + 5 % + 6 BHP Total affect in BHP = + 50 % 60 BHP Increase Given the maximum power for previous engine is 121 bhp. Therefore, the new engines maximum power is: Power = (121 + 30 + 24 + 12 12 12 + 6 + 6)bhp = 181 bhp = 135kW Torque and Power at 3 operating conditions: T = 368.5 Nm @ max power (3500rpm) T = 400.0 Nm @ max torque (2000rpm) T = 120.0 Nm @ idle (1000rpm) The Torque at various engine speeds were calculated via using the following equation: Engine power: Pe=2*? *N* T Figure 1.8 shows the estimated power and torque curves for the vehicle. Justification of Targets Estimations While the decision has been taken to increase the engines capacity, increasing the engines power to increase the vehicles acceleration and torque characteristics, the fuel economy and emissions of the engine also has to improve. This is due to more stringent legislation and targets, as well as the expectations from potential customers who expect the engine to improve in every department. It may be said that that increasing the engines capacity from 2.4L to 3L means that the targets of decreasing the fuel consumption and emissions will be difficult. The group would argue however that the current Defenders engine is underpowered compared to its competitors and was consequently the recipient of bad reviews from motor journalists (such as Jeremy Clarkson, 2006). The Defenders potential customer market also may not require huge improvements in fuel consumption and emissions. This is because the Defender is going to be utilised for and marketed as an off-field vehicle with specialist applications such as towing and rough terrain excursions. These categories of vehicles are expected by customers to have poorer fuel economy and emissions than other smaller vehicle types. These customer expectations will therefore be beneficial when designing the engine as while emissions and fuel economy is targeted to at least stay the same, the issue of increasing the Defenders torque can be prioritised. The increase in engine capacity naturally means the emissions and fuel consumption will increase. To overcome this advanced engine technology will be utilised in order to decrease the emissions and fuel consumption. Estimations will be made regarding how much saving (in terms of percentage) the addit

Discrimination toward the Black People in Ernest J Gaines :: social issues

Discrimination toward the Black People in Ernest J Gaines CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Charles Johnson states that actually there had been no â€Å"Black problem† until the Civil War. It is because before the Blacks had only been chattels. The War happened because the Blacks want their freedom in education, employment, the vote, regularized marriage and even the acquisition of a surname (Butcher: 243). The Congress in 1875 adopted a statue which allowed the equality of facilities and accommodation for every race and color, but the famous Plessy-Ferguson Decision in 1896 gave legal discrimination and segregation by virtue of its â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine. This doctrine arouse the discrimination and segregation toward the Black people (Gordon: 108) The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman which is written by Ernest J Gaines consists the life of Blacks in America who are discriminated by the White Americans. This issue inside Gaines’ novel attracts me to analyze the topic of discrimination toward the Blacks in America. The analysis applies interdisciplinary approach to find the aspect of social, history and morality inside the novel discussed. The method of research of this paper uses the library research. The primary source of this paper is Ernest J Gaines’ The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman and the second sources are the information which is taken from the library books and the Internet. CHAPTER II THE DISCRIMINATION OF THE BLACK PEOPLE This chapter discusses about the discrimination toward the Black people in America which is reflected by Gaines in his novel. Gaines tells about the discrimination which is experienced by Jane Pittman and her race. Jane Pitman has been lived for one hundred and ten years. Therefore, through his novel, Gaines explains about Pittman’s live from her childhood until her old age which happens during the civil war up to the civil right movement < E:Teen Voices Volume 3 Book Review The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.htm> The civil war that happened in America did not end both the slavery and the discrimination toward the Black Americans. The discrimination toward them is still continued in which it causes the Civil Right Movement. The first prove about the discrimination toward the Blacks is the slave names which are given to the Blacks. It means that the slaves are given the names which are different from the White’s names. They are for example Ticey, Buck and Big Laura The names are given by their masters (Gaines:17). Any slaves who are dares to owe the names like the White’s names will be punished by their masters.

Ethan Frome Essay

2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been  found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? d 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings? 2nde COURSEWORK – possible titles Essay Topics 1. With reference to at least two characters in the novel Ethan Frome, show in detail how Wharton uses setting to reflect character. OR Explore the different ways in which setting is used in this novel. 2. Choose two key scenes and explore how Wharton brings to life the tension (or the antagonism) that exists between Zeena and Ethan. 3. Explore how Wharton creates suspense in the novel Ethan Frome. 4. Explore the ways in which Wharton arouses sympathy in the reader for the main character, Ethan Frome. OR How far and in what ways does Wharton make Ethan Frome a sympathetic character? 5. Analyse the different ways in which loneliness is presented in Ethan Frome. Text Analysis 1. Re-read from page 72 â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him† to page 74 â€Å"Tears rose in his throat and slowly burned their way to his lids.† How does the writer illustrate Ethan’s changing emotions? How does this passage prepare us for events to come? 2. Re-read from page 16 â€Å"When his wife first proposed that they should give Mattie an occasional evening †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to page 17 â€Å"and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul.† What does this passage reveal about Ethan’s feelings towards Mattie and explore the way in which Wharton brings to life those feelings?

European Invasion

The European invasion of the New World from the 15th century to the 18th century altered the lives of the Native Americans that lived in eastern North America in more ways than they could’ve ever imagined. The New World provided raw materials, such as metal as soil. The massive invasion all begun in 1492 which was then known as the massive â€Å"white† invasion and Columbus’s discovery marked the beginning of this invasion which overtook all of North America over the next four centuries. The lives of the Native Americans would never be the same.European settlers introduced the Native American’s to new costumes but not all, if any, were good. Europeans brought Christianity into the New World and introduced the Native Americans to the religion. Europeans thought that Native Americans would be easy to convert into Christianity. â€Å"These people would be easy to convert to our holy faith† is famous quote by Jacques Cartier. Europeans didn’t con sider the Native Americans opinions or beliefs and frankly they didn’t care. Europeans also introduced the Native Americans with diseases that they weren’t use to, for example malaria and infections to smallpox and measles.Due to all of these diseases the population of North America decreased and continued to until about the 1700s. The Europeans were also armed with technology and the Native American cultures of their civilizations were lost. Europeans took over the New World between the 15th and 18th century, although that wasn’t their main objective. Their main objective was to settle and gain land in North America. With the arrival of the Europeans governments and laws were formed that didn’t benefit the Native Americans in anyway.Europeans claimed lands and Native Americans were forced to accept that the Europeans were now in charge. Europeans had all the authority in the New World. Native Americans were experiencing New World imperialism. Native Amer icans became frightened and started living in fear. Decrease in population and war resulted in the creation of new communities for instance the Choctaw. To trade a faster pace and consume more money was what the Europeans dreamed of and they didn’t want anything or anyone to get in the way of their dream. Native Americans were dragged into the expanding economy.Before the Europeans had invaded the New World, North America had a strong military force that began in the Mohawk Valley. They were known as the Iroquois and were merged by the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, which was five Indian nations. The Native Americans were such powerful individuals but then the Europeans came along and stripped them of all their pride and altered the way they once looked at life. All and all, right before the Native Americans eyes change was happening and the way they lived was never how it once was before.The Native Americans had their land ripped from right underneath th em without any warning or any sign. Though the Native Americans of eastern North America may have had questions to why their lives were being altered. The Europeans invaded the New World during the 15th-18th century without any answers to why they were doing so. The Europeans had expectations and a plan. They didn’t stop at any means and they were determined to follow through with the success of their invasion.